[Cerebrovascular accidents in full-term newborn infants]. / Accidentes vasculares encefálicos en neonatos a término.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this paper is to review the role of the neurologist in the management of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) (insults resulting from a sudden obstruction or rupture of an intracranial vessel). This was accomplished by reviewing the literature (PubMed) under the heading of stroke and term neonate. DEVELOPMENT: CVA in full-term neonates are classified as hematomas and infarcts. Hematomas are classified according to: location, structure (arterial, venous, or sinus), type of malformation (aneurysm, venous malformation, and telangiectasia), and cause of the bleed (vessel wall rupture or hypo-coagulation). Classification according to location is based on compartment supra or infratentorial; space -extra-axial (epidural, subdural, or subarachnoid) or intra-axial (parenchymal or ventricular)-; and region -parietal, temporal, thalamic, etc.-. Infarcts are classified according to vascular and parenchymal factors. The vascular factors are the structure, the cause of the obstruction -extramural, mural or intramural (thrombus or embolus)-. The parenchymal factors are type of damage (pale vs hemorrhagic) and location. Patients with suspected embolism should have ultrasound neck. Coagulation studies should be done in patients with hematomas and infracts. Multiple causes may be present in each case. Anticoagulation is only used in small pale infarcts of cardiac embolic origin. CONCLUSION: The neurologist roles in the management of CVA are to classify the event, select the appropriate investigation, and implement treatment.

Accidentes vasculares encefálicos en neonatos a término / Cerebrovascular accidents in full-term newborn infants

Introducción. El propósito de este artículo es revisar elpapel del neurólogo en el manejo de los recién nacidos a términocon accidentes vasculares encefálicos (AVE) (lesiones debidas auna súbita obstrucción o ruptura de un vaso intracraneal). Coneste fin se revisaron las fuentes bibliográficas (PubMed) mediantela búsqueda de los términos ‘stroke’ y ‘term neonate’. Desarrollo.Los AVE se dividen en hematomas e infartos. Los hematomas debenclasificarse de acuerdo con su localización; estructura vascularenvuelta (arteria, vena o seno), el tipo de anomalía vascular (aneurisma,malformaciones venosas, telangiectasia) y la causa de laextravasación de la sangre (ruptura de la pared vascular o hipocoagulación).La clasificación de acuerdo con la localización incluye:compartimentos (supra e infratentoriales), espacios –extraaxial(epidural, subdural o aracnoideo) o intraaxial (parénquima oventrículos)– y regiones –parietal, temporal, talámica, etc.–. Losinfartos se clasifican de acuerdo con factores vasculares y parenquimatosos;los factores vasculares son el tipo de estructura vascularenvuelta, causa de la obstrucción –extramural, mural o intramural(émbolo o trombo)–; los factores parenquimatosos son el tipode infarto –pálido o hemorrágico– y la localización de éste. Lospacientes con procesos embólicos requieren ecografía del corazóny del cuello. La posibilidad de causas múltiples debe sospecharse.Se deben realizar estudios de coagulación. La cirugía puede sernecesaria en determinados casos. En pacientes con cardioembolismose sugiere la anticoagulación en infartos pálidos y pequeños.Conclusión. La función del neurólogo en estos pacientes consisteen clasificar el evento, guiar las investigaciones y decidir el tratamiento

Introduction. The purpose of this paper is to review the role of the neurologist in the management of cerebrovascularaccidents (CVA) (insults resulting from a sudden obstruction or rupture of an intracranial vessel). This was accomplished byreviewing the literature (PubMed) under the heading of stroke and term neonate. Development. CVA in full-term neonates areclassified as hematomas and infarcts. Hematomas are classified according to: location, structure (arterial, venous, or sinus), typeof malformation (aneurysm, venous malformation, and telangiectasia), and cause of the bleed (vessel wall rupture or hypocoagulation).Classification according to location is based on compartment supra or infratentorial; space –extra-axial (epidural,subdural, or subarachnoid) or intra-axial (parenchymal or ventricular)–; and region –parietal, temporal, thalamic, etc.–.Infarcts are classified according to vascular and parenchymal factors. The vascular factors are the structure, the cause of theobstruction –extramural, mural or intramural (thrombus or embolus)–. The parenchymal factors are type of damage (pale vshemorrhagic) and location. Patients with suspected embolism should have ultrasound neck. Coagulation studies should be donein patients with hematomas and infracts. Multiple causes may be present in each case. Anticoagulation is only used in small paleinfarcts of cardiac embolic origin. Conclusion. The neurologist roles in the management of CVA are to classify the event, selectthe appropriate investigation, and implement treatment

Pharmacokinetics of Hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans.

N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine (THH) are the characteristic alkaloids found in Amazonian sacraments known as hoasca, ayahuasca, and yajè. Such beverages are characterized by the presence of these three harmala alkaloids, where harmine and harmaline reversibly inhibit monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) while tetrahydroharmine weakly inhibits the uptake of serotonin. Together, both actions increase central and peripheral serotonergic activity while facilitating the psychoactivity of DMT. Though the use of such 'teas' has be known to western science for over 100 years, little is known of their pharmacokinetics. In this study, hoasca was prepared and administered in a ceremonial context. All four alkaloids were measured in the tea and in the plasma of 15 volunteers, subsequent to the ingestion of 2 ml hoasca/kg body weight, using gas (GC) and high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and peak times of psychoactivity coincided with high alkaloid concentrations, particularly DMT which had an average Tmax of 107.5 +/- 32.5 min. While DMT parameters correlated with those of harmine, THH showed a pharmacokinetic profile relatively independent of harmine's.

Congenital absence of the superior mesenteric artery.

Atresias of the intestinal tract are one of the causes of congenital intestinal obstruction. The superior mesenteric artery supplies the midgut from the fourth portion of the duodenum to the midportion of the transverse colon. Absence of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) with subsequent absence of jejunum, ileum, appendix, and right colon is a previously unreported condition. A fetal vascular accident might result in this intestinal catastrophe.